COVID-19 Induced Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohsitocytosis: A Case Series
Omelkhir I. Elbanoni *
Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Libya and Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit at Benghazi Medical Center, Libya.
Haloom A. Elhashmi
Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Libya and Pediatric Hematology Unit at Benghazi Medical Center, Libya.
Mariam M. Madani
Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Libya and Pediatric cardiology Unit at Benghazi Cardiac Center, Libya.
Huda A. Elabbud
Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Libya and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit at Benghazi Medical Center, Libya.
Shirin I. Alougly
Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Libya and Pediatric Intensive care Unit at Benghazi Pediatric H, Libya.
Nourz A. Elghariani
Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Libya and Pediatric Hematology Unit at Benghazi Pediatrics Hospital, Libya.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a lethal and rapidly progressive hyper-inflammatory state that lead to development of fulminant multi-organ failure. HLH is divided into primary or familial HLH (FHL) and secondary HLH (sHLH). It can be triggered by a variety of agent that affect the immune system, infection is a common triggering agent. Recently, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread all over the world and was declared a pandemic. COVID-19 infection in children can induce serious hyper-inflammatory syndrome termed multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). Clinically MIS-C patients present with features that resemble Kawasaki’s disease or toxic shock syndrome and the clinical and laboratory manifestations may also similar to that of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, or macrophage activation syndrome (MAS).
The reported HLH syndrome in children with COVID-19 increased during 2020-2021. In this case series we present two pediatric patient diagnosed as sHLH post- COVID-19 infection with a brief literature review of similar pediatric patients.
Keywords: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), COVID-19, children